Scarborough

The Romans chose the headland that divides Scarborough’s two bays for a watch tower but it was the Vikings who, according to legend, first gave the town its name. The settlement they founded was later raised to the ground by the Norwegian king Harald Hardrada in 1066 and no trace of it has ever been found. The recorded history of Scarborough begins in the middle of the 12th century with the construction of the castle on the headland and the development of a port and town beyond its walls. King Henry II issued a charter in 1163 and the royal borough was the largest and most prosperous port on the Yorkshire coast in the 13th and 14th centuries, but it struggled to maintain the pier and fell into decline.

Town and castle endured two bloody and destructive sieges during the Civil Wars, but shortly afterwards a local doctor called Robert Whittie promoted the health-giving properties of a spring in the South Bay. Scarborough’s fame as a medicinal spa spread quickly and by the end of the 17th century the town was the regular resort of northern gentry families in search of a cure. New streets added to the medieval core accommodated the influx of wealthy visitors. The coming of the railway in 1845 ushered in mass tourism and saw the construction of new boarding houses and hotels wherever there was a view of the sea. Scarborough was on course to becoming one of the country’s best known seaside resorts. With the decline of the seaside holiday, the town has redeveloped as a conference and cultural centre, the first museum, the Rotunda, re-opening in 2008 as a regional centre for geology.