Ireland Through European Eyes

West European government sources provide a critical but sympathetic external commentary on modern Ireland. How was Ireland perceived as a nation and a state? What did European governments know, or think they knew, about Ireland and how did it factor into their calculations? The collection draws together a wide field of original sources from across Europe to illuminate this under-researched, but important area, of contemporary Irish history. It reveals how Belgian, French, Italian, Luxembourg, Dutch, and West German politicians, policymakers and commentators perceived independent Ireland from the end of the Second World War until Irish accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1973. These six states initiated and sustained the integration process on the ruins of Western Europe after the Second World War. By the 1960s the EEC offered Ireland a developmental alternative to small nation state obscurity and underdevelopment. Together with the institutions of the EEC, the Six had transformed European relations and determined the fate of Ireland's application to enter the EEC after 1961. Their relationships and appraisals of Ireland mattered. The postwar analysis is placed in the context of older historical interactions. The history and memory of Irish missionary activities in Europe during the Dark Ages, the 'Wild Geese' in the service of European armies and courts, and continental relations with Britain are a few of the issues that emerge as formative and durable in European appreciations of Ireland. Cultural and religious connections are discussed. European perceptions of Irish nationalism and Anglo-Irish relations from the 19th century, combined with individual European state's interests are important. Their reactions to the formation and consolidation of independent Ireland are explored. But it is in the rich and largely unexplored period from 1945 to 1973 that new and often surprising findings are revealed. Postwar Irish humanitarian relief to a ravaged continent created a long-lasting benign impression. To a degree it moderated negative European perceptions of independent Ireland in the late 1940s and 1950s as backward, isolated and removed from the European mainstream in terms of economics, society, security and foreign policy. The evolving attitudes of the Six and the EEC institutions to the Irish application for EEC membership are disclosed. Personal and cultural factors played a role as well as political and economic calculations. This...