Democracy under God

Empirically analyzes Islam and human rights in constitutions of Muslim-majority states and theorizes why some adopted Islam in their constitutions.

This book employs an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the origins and role of Islam in constitutions of Muslim-majority states. It explains how and why Islam became constitutionally entrenched in some states and expands on the relationship between colonialism, constitutional Islam, secularism and human rights.State recognition of Islam in Muslim countries invites fierce debate from scholars and politicians alike, some of whom assume an inherent conflict between Islam and liberal democracy. Analyzing case studies and empirical data from several Muslim-majority countries, Ahmed and Abbasi find, counterintuitively, that in many Muslim countries, constitutional recognition of Islam often occurs during moments of democratization. Indeed, the insertion of Islam in a constitution is frequently accompanied by an expansion, not a reduction, in constitutional human rights, with case law from higher courts in Egypt and Pakistan demonstrating that potential tensions between the constitutional pursuit of human rights, liberal democracy and Islam are capable of judicial resolution. The authors also argue that colonial history was pivotal in determining whether a country adopted the constitutional path of Islam or secularism partly explaining why Islam in constitutional politics survived and became more prevalent in Muslim countries that were colonized by the British, and not those colonized by the French or Soviets.