Atonement and Self-Sacrifice in Nineteenth-Century Narrative

This book explores the tensions raised by ideas of sacrifice in literature at a time of significant legal and theological change.

This book explores the role of sacrifice in the Victorian novel and how the idea of self-abnegation was placed under pressure by increasing industrialisation and democratisation. Work by Dickens, Gaskell, Eliot and others registers the tensions caused by evolving attitudes at a time of legal and theological change.Jan-Melissa Schramm explores the conflicted attitude of the Victorian novel to sacrifice, and the act of substitution on which it depends. The Christian idea of redemption celebrated the suffering of the innocent: to embrace a life of metaphorical self-sacrifice was to follow in the footsteps of Christ's literal Passion. Moreover, the ethical agenda of fiction relied on the expansion of sympathy which imaginative substitution was seen to encourage. But Victorian criminal law sought to calibrate punishment and culpability as it repudiated archaic models of sacrifice that scapegoated the innocent. The tension between these models is registered creatively in the fiction of novelists such as Dickens, Gaskell and Eliot, at a time when acts of Chartist protest, national sacrifices made during the Crimean War, and the extension of the franchise combined to call into question what it means for one man to 'stand for', and perhaps even 'die for', another.