Writing to the King

This book is a study of the literature apparently addressed to the monarch in medieval England.

In this book David Matthews explores political critique - in Anglo-Latin, Anglo-Norman, and Middle English - in the century before Chaucer, highlighting its frequent direction to the king. He shows that the monarch was clearly not intended to be the direct recipient; instead, the rhetoric was used to make political comment more effective.In the century before Chaucer a new language of political critique emerged. In political verse of the period, composed in Anglo-Latin, Anglo-Norman, and Middle English, poets write as if addressing the king himself, drawing on their sense of the rights granted by Magna Carta. These apparent appeals to the sovereign increase with the development of parliament in the late thirteenth century and the emergence of the common petition, and become prominent, in an increasingly sophisticated literature, during the political crises of the early fourteenth century. However, very little of this writing was truly directed to the king. As David Matthews shows in this book, the form of address was a rhetorical stance revealing much about the position from which writers were composing, the audiences they wished to reach, and their construction of political and national subjects.